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Key Documents

Safety Information

C2867

Sigma-Aldrich

Cytochrome c from equine heart

BioUltra, ≥99% (SDS-PAGE), powder, suitable for mammalian cell culture

Synonym(s):

CYC, CytC, Cytochrome c from horse heart

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Estimated to ship on2025年6月20日Details


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20 PKG
¥935.90
200 PKG
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About This Item

CAS Number:
EC Number:
MDL number:
UNSPSC Code:
12352202
NACRES:
NA.25

¥935.90


Estimated to ship on2025年6月20日Details


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biological source

horse heart

Quality Level

product line

BioUltra

Assay

≥99% (SDS-PAGE)

form

powder

mol wt

12,384

storage condition

(Tightly closed Dry)

technique(s)

cell culture | mammalian: suitable

solubility

water: 10 mg/mL, dark red-brown

UniProt accession no.

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Show Differences

1 of 4

This Item
C3131C2037C6749
assay

≥99% (SDS-PAGE)

assay

≥95% based on Mol. Wt. 12,327 basis

assay

≥95% based on Mol. Wt. 12,327 basis

assay

≥95% (SDS-PAGE)

biological source

horse heart

biological source

bovine heart

biological source

bovine heart

biological source

horse

mol wt

12,384

mol wt

12327 Da

mol wt

12327 Da

mol wt

-

form

powder

form

powder

form

powder or crystals

form

powder

storage condition

(Tightly closed Dry)

storage condition

(Tightly closed Dry)

storage condition

-

storage condition

-

General description

Cytochrome C (Cyt C) is a nuclear DNA-encoded protein.[1] It is derived from its precursor apo-cytochrome c and moves across the outer membrane of the mitochondria.[2]

Research area: Apoptosis

Application

Cytochrome c from equine heart has been used to prepare a stock solution for synthesizing and calibrating biotinylated cytochrome c.[3] It has also been used as a component of the reaction buffer to stain electron transport chain (ETC) complex IV and determine its activity using blue-native gel electrophoresis.[4]
The specific sites and extent of oxidation in horse cytochrome c treated with H2O2 and UV were characterized. It was suggested that the state of these sites could be used as a biomarker for the oxidative environment in a cell.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Cytochrome C (Cyt C) acts as a potent signaling molecule of apoptosis by activating caspase 3, a death protease. It plays a role in heme-binding with the help of cytochrome c heme lyase which facilitates its release into the mitochondrial intermembrane space.[1] Cyt C also exhibits lipid-binding by interacting with cardiolipin, a phospholipid that initiates protein unfolding and activates the peroxidase function in Cyt C.[5]
Cytochrome c is primarily known as an electron-carrying mitochondrial protein. The transition of cytochrome c between the ferrous and ferric states within the cell makes it an efficient biological electron-transporter and it plays a vital role in cellular oxidations in both plants and animals. It is generally regarded as a universal catalyst of respiration, forming an essential electron-bridge between the respirable substrates and oxygen

Preparation Note

A further purification of C2506
Prepared using TCA.

Other Notes

Storage Class Code

11 - Combustible Solids

WGK

WGK 3

Flash Point(F)

Not applicable

Flash Point(C)

Not applicable

Personal Protective Equipment

dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Gloves

Regulatory Information

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    1. Which document(s) contains shelf-life or expiration date information for a given product?

      If available for a given product, the recommended re-test date or the expiration date can be found on the Certificate of Analysis.

    2. How do I get lot-specific information or a Certificate of Analysis?

      The lot specific COA document can be found by entering the lot number above under the "Documents" section.

    3. How do I find price and availability?

      There are several ways to find pricing and availability for our products. Once you log onto our website, you will find the price and availability displayed on the product detail page. You can contact any of our Customer Sales and Service offices to receive a quote.  USA customers:  1-800-325-3010 or view local office numbers.

    4. What is the Department of Transportation shipping information for this product?

      Transportation information can be found in Section 14 of the product's (M)SDS.To access the shipping information for this material, use the link on the product detail page for the product. 

    5. I see that you list several horse heart cytochrome c products. What are the differences, and which one should I choose?

      Product No. C2506 is prepared with trichloroacetic acid (TCA), whereas C7752 is prepared with the milder acetic acid. The TCA method may reduce the amount of superoxide dismutase (SOD) present, but tends to cause dimerization or acid-modified structures of cytochrome c. In contrast, acetic acid preparations may have slightly higher amounts of SOD, but a lower proportion of dimeric cytochrome c. So C2506 would be recommended for enzyme activity studies that require low SOD, whereas C7752 is recommended for structural studies or binding studies, or for enzyme activity studies where possible SOD contamination is not a problem. Product No. C2867 is prepared from C2506; it is a BioUtra grade product, greater than or equal to 99% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE. It is recommended when an ultra-high purity is required.  Product No. C3256 is also prepared from C7752; it is isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. This fraction shows a high rate of ascorbic acid oxidation, but low activity in a cytochrome oxidase system.  Product No. C7150 is also prepared from C7752; it is suitable for use as a gel filtration molecular weight marker.

    6. How do I determine how much of Product C2867, Cytochrome c, is in the oxidized form, and how much is reduced?

      This is determined by a spectral assay. The detailed assay procedure (operating procedure #11252) may be requested from Sigma St. Louis Technical Service (techserv@sial.com).

    7. Is Product C2867, Cytochrome c, predominantly in the oxidized form or the reduced form?

      This product is predominantly (>95%) in the oxidized form.

    8. How should I store solutions of Product C2867, Cytochrome c?

      Our general recommendations are as follows:  Store at -20 °C (freezer) for up to six months. Store at 2-8 °C (refrigerator) for up to two weeks. Store at 20-25 °C (room temperature) for up to three days. According to J. Biol. Chem, 237, 2161-2174 (1962), cytochrome c is stable to boiling, and over an unusually wide range of pH values. However, it denatures readily at extreme pH (low or high), and in high concentrations of organic solvents, such as ethanol or acetone.

    9. My question is not addressed here, how can I contact Technical Service for assistance?

      Ask a Scientist here.

    Bradford G Hill et al.
    Free radical biology & medicine, 47(6), 675-683 (2009-06-17)
    Protein thiol modifications occur under both physiological and pathological conditions and have been shown to contribute to changes in protein structure, function, and redox signaling. The majority of protein thiol modifications occur on cysteine residues that have a low pK(a);
    Cytochrome c: can't live with it--can't live without it.
    J C Reed
    Cell, 91(5), 559-562 (1997-12-11)
    J Cai et al.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1366(1-2), 139-149 (1998-08-26)
    Mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c) has been found to have dual functions in controlling both cellular energetic metabolism and apoptosis. Through interaction with apoptotic protease activating factors (Apaf), cyt c can initiate the activation cascade of caspases once it is
    Yuning Hong et al.
    Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(45), 18713-18723 (2012-10-17)
    Interactions of cytochrome c (cyt c) with cardiolipin (CL) partially unfold the protein, activating its peroxidase function, a critical event in the execution of apoptosis. However, structural features of the altered protein species in the heterogeneous ensemble are difficult to
    Hao Zhang et al.
    Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(11), e022853-e022853 (2022-06-04)
    Background Myocardial iron deficiency (MID) in heart failure (HF) remains largely unexplored. We aim to establish defining criterion for MID, evaluate its pathophysiological role, and evaluate the applicability of monitoring it non-invasively in human explanted hearts. Methods and Results Biventricular

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