多肽合成
多肽由两个或多个通过酰胺键连接的氨基酸组成,形成通常包含2至70个氨基酸的氨基酸链。多肽与蛋白质的区别在于,其不需要进行折叠即可获得生物学活性。肽激素(例如血管紧张素、LHRH、脑啡肽)为多肽的内源性形式,在植物和动物中多肽能够以毒素形式存在。多肽可作为药物发现的先导化合物,并且其本身具有药物活性,因而受到广泛关注。此外,它们还可应用于疫苗、生物材料、组织学探针中,并已大量用作产生抗体的抗原。
多肽可在溶液中或在固定相上通过化学合成。该过程会在N-保护的氨基酸与带有游离氨基和受保护羧酸的氨基酸之间定向和选择性地形成酰胺键。在固相合成中,羧基保护基团会连接至聚合物载体上。化学键形成后,二肽的氨基保护基将会被去除,同时下一个N-保护的氨基酸则会进行偶联。
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Figure 2Side-chain protecting groups for Boc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS)
Figure 3.Side-chain protecting groups for Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS)
大多数多肽通过Fmoc方法制备,最终切割和脱保护通过三氟乙酸处理实现,而Boc方法需要在专业设备中使用剧毒、腐蚀性液体无水HF。
尽管见诸报道的通常是超过100个氨基酸的蛋白质,但此方法也可制备常规50个氨基酸的多肽。通过溶液中完全脱保护的多肽的天然化学连接来反应,制备更长的蛋白质。这种方法可合成难以在细菌中表达的天然肽,掺入非天然或D-氨基酸,生成环状、带支链、标记、以及带有翻译后修饰的多肽。
除了现有工业大规模肽合成工艺,Boc或Z-氨基保护液相肽合成方法已被固相肽合成取代。
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