E1145
(±)-Epibatidine dihydrochloride hydrate
≥98% (HPLC), powder
Synonym(s):
exo-(±)-2-(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dihydrochloride hydrate
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About This Item
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation):
C11H13ClN2 · 2HCl · xH2O
Molecular Weight:
281.61 (anhydrous basis)
UNSPSC Code:
12352200
PubChem Substance ID:
NACRES:
NA.77
Quality Level
Assay
≥98% (HPLC)
form
powder
storage condition
desiccated
color
off-white
solubility
DMSO: >4 mg/mL
methanol: 4 mg/mL
SMILES string
Cl[H].Cl[H].[H]O[H].Clc1ccc(cn1)[C@H]2CC3CCC2N3
InChI
1S/C11H13ClN2.2ClH.H2O/c12-11-4-1-7(6-13-11)9-5-8-2-3-10(9)14-8;;;/h1,4,6,8-10,14H,2-3,5H2;2*1H;1H2/t8?,9-,10?;;;/m1.../s1
InChI key
AXWYRFKDLRSESC-VAGRNHIFSA-N
Biochem/physiol Actions
The activity of epibatidine at neuronal and neuromuscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was compared with the activity of nicotine and suxamethonium. Activation of ganglionic nicotinic receptors by epibatidine was shown in the guinea-pig ileum (contraction mediated by the cholinergic neurons of the ileum) and in pithed and atropinized rats (rise in blood pressure). Epibatidine also activated nicotinic receptors at the peripheral terminals of afferent C-fibres (rabbit ear) and in the brain (antidiuresis in rats). The agonistic effects of epibatidine were followed by long-lasting receptor desensitization. No antinociceptive effect of epibatidine was seen in rats at a dose free of motor impairment. On muscle end plate nicotinic receptors of the rat diaphragm (not responding to depolarizing agents by contraction), epibatidine was equipotent with suxamethonium in causing neuromuscular inhibition. On an extraocular muscle of the rabbit (responding to depolarizing agents by contraction) epibatidine in vitro and in situ caused a contraction at a 100-fold lower dose than suxamethonium. The Straub tail reaction in mice to epibatidine could be attributed to the sustained stimulation of motor end plate receptors of the "slow contracting" type of muscle fibres by epibatidine. Epibatidine was the most potent agonist on all neuronal and neuromuscular nicotinic receptors examined.
Features and Benefits
This compound is featured on the Acetylcholine Receptors (Nicotinic) page of the Handbook of Receptor Classification and Signal Transduction. To browse other handbook pages, click here.
Signal Word
Danger
Hazard Statements
Precautionary Statements
Hazard Classifications
Acute Tox. 2 Dermal - Acute Tox. 2 Oral
WGK
WGK 3
Flash Point(F)
Not applicable
Flash Point(C)
Not applicable
Personal Protective Equipment
dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Gloves
Certificates of Analysis (COA)
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Aurora Alvarez-Buylla et al.
eLife, 12 (2024-01-11)
Alkaloids are important bioactive molecules throughout the natural world, and in many animals they serve as a source of chemical defense against predation. Dendrobatid poison frogs bioaccumulate alkaloids from their diet to make themselves toxic or unpalatable to predators. Despite
M W Decker et al.
Biochemical pharmacology, 58(6), 917-923 (1999-10-06)
Pharmacological treatments for pain have come largely from two classes of compounds--the opioids and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Because of deficiencies associated with these two classes of compounds, exploration of novel approaches to pain relief has intensified of late.
Ali Yehia et al.
Current protocols in pharmacology, 88(1), e73-e73 (2020-02-19)
Automated patch-clamp (APC) systems have become indispensable tools of drug-discovery programs by allowing high-throughput electrophysiology-based screening of ion channel compounds. The recent development and introduction of microfluidics-based APC systems have made it possible to study the interactions of ligand-gated ion
W Sihver et al.
Neuroscience, 94(3), 685-696 (1999-12-01)
The laminar binding distribution of three nicotinic receptor agonists, [3H](-)nicotine, [3H]cytisine, and [3H]epibatidine, and their relation to the [3H]vesamicol binding, which is known to represent the vesicular acetylcholine transport sites, was performed employing in vitro autoradiography on the medial temporal
Y Zhang et al.
Journal of neurophysiology, 124(5), 1377-1387 (2020-08-28)
Olivocochlear neurons make temporary cholinergic synapses on inner hair cells of the rodent cochlea in the first 2 to 3 wk after birth. Repetitive stimulation of these efferent neurons causes facilitation of evoked release and increased spontaneous release that continues
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