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Merck
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2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits ATP Synthase and mTOR Signaling.

Cell metabolism (2015-07-21)
Xudong Fu, Randall M Chin, Laurent Vergnes, Heejun Hwang, Gang Deng, Yanpeng Xing, Melody Y Pai, Sichen Li, Lisa Ta, Farbod Fazlollahi, Chuo Chen, Robert M Prins, Michael A Teitell, David A Nathanson, Albert Lai, Kym F Faull, Meisheng Jiang, Steven G Clarke, Timothy F Cloughesy, Thomas G Graeber, Daniel Braas, Heather R Christofk, Michael E Jung, Karen Reue, Jing Huang
ABSTRACT

We discovered recently that the central metabolite α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) extends the lifespan of C. elegans through inhibition of ATP synthase and TOR signaling. Here we find, unexpectedly, that (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate ((R)-2HG), an oncometabolite that interferes with various α-KG-mediated processes, similarly extends worm lifespan. (R)-2HG accumulates in human cancers carrying neomorphic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes. We show that, like α-KG, both (R)-2HG and (S)-2HG bind and inhibit ATP synthase and inhibit mTOR signaling. These effects are mirrored in IDH1 mutant cells, suggesting a growth-suppressive function of (R)-2HG. Consistently, inhibition of ATP synthase by 2-HG or α-KG in glioblastoma cells is sufficient for growth arrest and tumor cell killing under conditions of glucose limitation, e.g., when ketone bodies (instead of glucose) are supplied for energy. These findings inform therapeutic strategies and open avenues for investigating the roles of 2-HG and metabolites in biology and disease.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
L-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium salt, ≥98.0% (GC)
Sigma-Aldrich
Octyl-(R)-2HG, ≥98% (HPLC)
Sigma-Aldrich
Octyl-(S)-2HG, ≥98% (HPLC)