Imidazolium-Derived Reagents

N-Acylimidazoles were recognized in the early 1950s as reactive intermediates suitable for the acylation of amino compounds. The search for better coupling reagents than DCC led to the development of CDI (1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole) and related carbonylimidazoles.¹ Moisture must be carefully excluded during work with CDI. Also, avoid CDI excess. Apart from peptide synthesis, carbonyldiimazoles find use as an efficient replacement for highly toxic phosgene in the preparation of carbamates and ureas from alcohols and amines.^2,3

Kiso developed modified imidazolium reagents like CIP (2-chloro- 1,3-dimethylimidazolidinium hexafluorophosphate) as new peptide coupling reagents and later as esterification reagents to avoid the toxic HMPA byproduct of the BOP reagent (benzotriazol-1- yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate).⁴ CIP was successfully applied to the coupling of a,a-dialkylated amino acids and proved to be especially efficient in combination with HOAt (1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole).⁵